How has marriage changed from the 19th and 20th centuries?

November 14, 2023 Asa Kim

Table of Contents

How has marriage changed from the 19th and 20th centuries?

Aspect	19th Century	20th Century
Arranged Marriages	Common	Becoming less common
Age of Marriage	Younger age at marriage	Increasing age at marriage
Gender Roles	Strict gender roles	Shifting gender roles
Divorce Rates	Low divorce rates	Increasing divorce rates
Legal Rights	Limited legal rights for women	Advancement of women’s legal rights
Marital Expectations	Primarily economic and social expectations	Emphasis on love, companionship, and personal fulfillment

Changes in Marital Roles and Expectations

Gender equality: One of the most notable changes is the push for gender equality within marriages. Women have increasingly entered the workforce and pursued careers outside of the home, challenging traditional gender roles. This has led to a more equal division of household responsibilities between spouses.
Shared decision-making: In the past, decisions regarding finances or major life choices were often made solely by husbands. Today, couples are more likely to make decisions together through open communication and mutual agreement.
Emotional support: The expectation for emotional support within marriages has also evolved over time. In previous centuries, emotional intimacy was not prioritized or openly discussed. Nowadays, there is an increased emphasis on emotional connection between partners.

Traditional gender roles

Division of labor: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, traditional gender roles dictated that men were responsible for providing financially for the family, while women were expected to focus on homemaking and child-rearing. This meant that men typically held jobs outside of the home, while women took care of household chores and raising children.
Patriarchy: Traditional gender roles also reinforced a patriarchal structure within marriages, where husbands had more power and control over decision-making. Women were often seen as subordinate to their husbands and had limited rights or autonomy.
Social expectations: Society placed significant pressure on individuals to conform to these traditional gender roles. Men who did not fulfill their role as breadwinners or women who pursued careers outside of the home faced social stigma and criticism.

Emergence of women’s rights movements

Advocacy for women’s suffrage: The emergence of women’s rights movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought about significant changes to marital roles. One of the key goals of these movements was to secure voting rights for women, which ultimately challenged traditional gender norms and power dynamics within marriages.
Fight for equal opportunities: Women’s rights activists also fought for equal educational and employment opportunities. As more women gained access to education and entered the workforce, their roles within marriages began to shift, as they were no longer solely dependent on their husbands.
Redefining marriage as a partnership: Women’s rights movements encouraged a redefinition of marriage as a partnership based on equality rather than hierarchy. This led to increased expectations of shared decision-making, mutual respect, and support between spouses.

Shift towards more egalitarian relationships

Shared household responsibilities: In more recent times, there has been a noticeable shift towards more egalitarian relationships, where both partners share the responsibilities of running a household. This includes tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare.
Dual-income households: With the rising cost of living and changing economic landscape, dual-income households have become increasingly common. Both spouses are often expected to contribute financially to the family, blurring traditional gender roles that assigned men as sole breadwinners.
Flexibility in gender expression: As society becomes more accepting and understanding of diverse gender identities and expressions, couples now have greater freedom to define their own roles within marriage. This means that individuals can choose whether they want to adhere to traditional gender roles or create their own unique dynamic based on their preferences and strengths.

Evolving Views on Love and Romance

Focus on love and emotional connection: In the 19th century, marriage was often viewed as a practical arrangement for economic or social purposes. However, throughout the 20th century, there has been an increasing emphasis on love and emotional connection as the foundation of a successful marriage.
Importance of personal fulfillment: As societal attitudes shifted towards prioritizing individual happiness and fulfillment, couples began to expect more from their marriages in terms of personal satisfaction and happiness. This led to a greater emphasis on companionship, shared interests, and mutual support within relationships.
Redefining gender roles within romantic relationships: Evolving views on love and romance have also challenged traditional gender roles within marriages. Couples today are more likely to reject rigid gender stereotypes in favor of creating partnerships based on equality, respect, and mutual understanding.

Arranged marriages vs. love marriages

Arranged marriages: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, arranged marriages were still prevalent in many cultures. These marriages were typically orchestrated by families or matchmakers, and the focus was on considerations such as social status, financial stability, and family connections rather than romantic love.
Love marriages: As societal attitudes towards marriage shifted throughout the 20th century, there was a growing emphasis on individual choice and autonomy. Love marriages became more common, where individuals had the freedom to choose their own partners based on personal compatibility and emotional connection.
Romantic expectations: With the rise of love marriages came increased expectations for romantic love within marital relationships. Couples began seeking emotional fulfillment and companionship from their spouses rather than solely relying on practical considerations for choosing a partner.

Influence of literature and media on romantic ideals

Portrayal of idealized relationships: Literature and media have played a significant role in shaping societal expectations and ideals surrounding romance and marriage. Romantic novels, films, and television shows often present idealized versions of love and relationships, which can influence people’s perceptions of what a “perfect” marriage should be.
Influence on gender roles: The portrayal of traditional gender roles in literature and media has also had an impact on marital dynamics. These sources often depict men as strong protectors and providers, while women are portrayed as nurturing caregivers. Such representations can reinforce traditional gender norms within marriages.
Romantic gestures and grand gestures: Literature and media frequently emphasize romantic gestures or grand displays of affection as signs of true love. This can create unrealistic expectations within marriages, leading to disappointment if partners do not meet these exaggerated ideals.

Rise of companionate marriage

Emphasis on love and friendship: The rise of companionate marriage in the 20th century brought a new focus on emotional connection, love, and friendship between partners. Marriages were no longer solely based on practical considerations or economic arrangements.
Shift away from arranged marriages: In the past, arranged marriages were common and often prioritized factors such as social status or family connections. However, with the emergence of companionate marriage, individuals began to have more agency in choosing their own partners based on personal compatibility and shared values.
Mutual support and companionship: Companionate marriage emphasized the importance of mutual support and companionship between spouses. Couples began to see each other as equals, supporting one another emotionally, intellectually, and socially.

Legal and Social Transformations

Legal recognition of women’s rights: Legal transformations played a significant role in changing marital dynamics. The introduction of laws that granted women the right to own property, divorce their husbands, and receive custody of their children gave women more autonomy within marriages.
Decline in arranged marriages: In the 19th century, arranged marriages were still prevalent and often based on social status or economic considerations. However, as societal norms shifted and individual freedom became valued more highly, there was a decline in arranged marriages and an increase in love-based unions.
Changing views on family structure: Society’s understanding of what constituted a “normal” family structure also underwent transformation. Non-traditional forms such as single-parent households, same-sex couples, and blended families are now recognized and accepted by many societies.

Changes in marriage laws and divorce rates

Divorce rates: Another notable change during this time period was the rise in divorce rates. Factors contributing to this include:

Changing societal attitudes towards divorce, with a shift away from stigmatization towards acceptance as a valid option for individuals in unhappy or unhealthy relationships.
Economic independence of women allowing them to leave unsatisfactory marriages without fear of financial destitution.
Increased opportunities for personal fulfillment outside of marriage, such as education and career advancement, leading some individuals to prioritize their own happiness over traditional notions of marital stability.
Impact on marital roles: The changing landscape surrounding marriage laws and divorce rates had profound effects on marital roles and expectations: Couples may be more likely to view marriage as a partnership based on love, respect, mutual support, rather than solely economic necessity or societal pressure.

Recognition of same-sex marriage

Legal recognition: In recent decades, there has been a significant shift in societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships and marriage. Many countries around the world have legalized same-sex marriage, granting equal rights and benefits to LGBTQ+ couples.
Breaking traditional gender roles: The recognition of same-sex marriage challenges traditional gender roles within marriages. Same-sex couples do not conform to the historical expectations of one partner being male and the other female, allowing for more flexibility in defining marital roles.
Normalization of diverse relationships: The acceptance and legalization of same-sex marriage have contributed to a broader understanding of love, commitment, and family structures. This has opened up conversations about the importance of love and companionship as foundations for successful marriages, regardless of gender or sexual orientation.

Shift towards more inclusive and diverse definitions of marriage

Recognition of same-sex marriage: One of the most significant shifts in recent times is the recognition and legalization of same-sex marriage. This has challenged traditional notions of marriage as solely between a man and a woman, opening up new possibilities for individuals to express their love and commitment.
Acceptance of diverse family structures: Society’s understanding of what constitutes a family has become more inclusive and accepting. Marriages today can include blended families, cohabiting couples, single parents, or couples without children. This shift reflects a broader acceptance of diverse family structures and challenges the traditional nuclear family model.
Evolving gender roles within LGBTQ+ marriages: With the rise in visibility and acceptance of LGBTQ+ marriages, there has been an opportunity to challenge binary gender roles within partnerships. Same-sex couples may choose to define their own unique marital roles based on personal preferences rather than adhering to societal expectations.

Economic Factors and Marital Stability

Changing economic landscape: The 19th and 20th centuries brought about significant changes in the economy, which had an impact on marital stability. Industrialization and urbanization resulted in shifts from agrarian to industrial societies, leading to new employment opportunities and changing financial dynamics within marriages.
Dual-income households: As more women entered the workforce, there was a rise in dual-income households. This shift allowed for greater financial independence within marriages but also presented new challenges in terms of balancing work and family responsibilities.
Economic stressors: Economic factors such as unemployment or financial instability can put strain on marriages. Economic recessions or job losses can lead to increased conflict and decreased marital satisfaction.

Transition from agricultural to industrial society

Shift in economic roles: The transition from an agricultural to an industrial society during the 19th and 20th centuries had a profound impact on marital roles. In rural agricultural societies, families often worked together on farms, with clearly defined gender roles. However, as societies became more industrialized, men increasingly left their homes to work in factories or offices, while women took on new responsibilities within the home.
Moving away from extended families: Industrialization also led to changes in living arrangements. In agrarian societies, it was common for extended families to live and work together on farms. As people moved towards cities for employment opportunities, nuclear family units became more prevalent. This shift meant that couples had greater independence and autonomy within their marriages.
New challenges and expectations: With the rise of industrialization came new challenges and expectations for married couples. Long working hours and difficult working conditions placed strain on relationships. Additionally, societal pressure increased for couples to maintain certain standards of living or social status.

Impact of economic independence on marital dynamics

Shift in power dynamics: The increasing economic independence of women has had a profound impact on marital dynamics. When both spouses have the ability to contribute financially, it can lead to a more balanced distribution of power within the relationship.
Greater negotiation and compromise: Economic independence has also resulted in couples needing to negotiate and compromise on various aspects of their marriage, such as division of household chores, financial decisions, and career aspirations. Both partners are now more likely to have their own individual goals and priorities that need to be taken into account.
Reduced financial strain: With both partners having the potential for earning income, there is less financial pressure solely on one spouse. This can lead to decreased stress related to money matters and create a more equitable environment within the marriage.

Changing financial expectations and dual-income households

Transition to dual-income households: With the rise of women’s participation in the workforce, there has been a shift towards dual-income households. This means that both spouses contribute financially to the household, which has had a significant impact on marital roles and expectations.
Changing financial responsibilities: In traditional marriages, husbands were solely responsible for providing financially for the family. However, in today’s society, both partners often share financial responsibilities such as paying bills, managing investments, and saving for retirement.
Redefining success: The emergence of dual-income households has also led to a redefinition of success within marriages. Financial stability is no longer solely reliant on one person’s income but rather on the combined efforts of both spouses. This can lead to a more equal distribution of power and decision-making within the relationship.

Technology and Communication in Marriage

Increased communication: The advancements in technology, particularly the rise of smartphones and the internet, have revolutionized communication within marriages. Couples can now easily stay connected throughout the day through calls, texts, and video chats.
Long-distance relationships: Technology has also had a significant impact on long-distance relationships. In the past, couples who were geographically separated often relied on letters or occasional phone calls to stay in touch. Today, they can maintain constant contact through various digital platforms.
Virtual intimacy: Along with improved communication, technology has also provided new avenues for intimacy within marriages. Couples can engage in virtual dates or activities together even when physically apart.

Influence of technology on courtship and dating

Online dating: The advent of technology, particularly the internet, has revolutionized courtship and dating. Online dating platforms have provided individuals with a new way to meet potential partners outside of traditional social circles.
Increased accessibility: Technology has made it easier for people to connect and communicate with others from different geographical locations. This has expanded the pool of potential partners and allowed individuals to explore relationships beyond their immediate communities.
Changing dynamics: With the rise of technology, courtship has become more informal and less structured. Traditional norms around chaperoning or parental involvement have diminished as couples can now communicate directly through messaging apps, video calls, or social media platforms.

Long-distance relationships and communication tools

Advancements in communication technology: The 20th century brought about significant advancements in communication tools, which had a profound impact on long-distance relationships. With the introduction of telegrams, telephone calls, and eventually email and video chat, couples could maintain regular contact despite being physically apart.
Increased mobility: As transportation became more accessible and affordable, long-distance relationships became more common. People were able to travel greater distances for work or education opportunities, leading to an increase in relationships where partners lived in different locations.
New challenges and opportunities: While long-distance relationships presented their own set of challenges, such as feelings of loneliness or difficulty coordinating schedules across time zones, they also opened up new possibilities for maintaining strong connections. Couples could engage in regular communication through letters or later on through digital means like texting or social media.

Challenges and benefits of digital connectivity in marriages

Increased communication: Digital connectivity has greatly improved communication between spouses. Couples can easily stay in touch throughout the day, regardless of their physical location, through phone calls, text messages, video chats, and social media platforms.
New challenges: However, digital connectivity also presents unique challenges to marriages. The constant presence of smartphones and other devices can lead to distractions and a lack of quality time spent together. It may also create opportunities for infidelity or excessive use that negatively impact relationships.
Blurred boundaries: With the advent of social media, couples must navigate the potential invasion of privacy and boundary issues. Sharing personal information online without consent or engaging in inappropriate interactions with others can strain marital trust and intimacy.

The Role of Religion and Tradition

Religious influence: Religion has played a significant role in shaping marital roles and expectations throughout history. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many religious institutions upheld traditional gender roles within marriages, emphasizing male authority and female submission.
Resistance to change: Traditional religious beliefs and values often discouraged women from seeking education or pursuing careers outside of the home. These beliefs reinforced the idea that a woman’s primary role was to be a wife, mother, and homemaker.
Evolving interpretations: However, as society progressed, there have been shifts in religious interpretations regarding gender roles within marriage. Many modern religious organizations now advocate for equality between spouses and acknowledge the importance of shared decision-making.

Religious perspectives on marriage and family

Traditional views: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many religious perspectives on marriage emphasized traditional gender roles and hierarchical structures. Marriage was often seen as a sacred union between a man and a woman, with the husband as the head of the household.
Evolving interpretations: Over time, religious perspectives on marriage have become more diverse and inclusive. Some religious groups now recognize same-sex marriages and acknowledge that gender roles can be flexible within a marital relationship.
Emphasis on commitment: Regardless of specific beliefs about gender roles or sexual orientation, many religious traditions place a strong emphasis on commitment within marriage. The idea of lifelong fidelity and dedication to one’s spouse remains an important aspect of many faiths.

Shifts in religious values and impact on marital practices

Changing religious attitudes: In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a significant shift in religious values and beliefs. As society became more secularized and individualistic, traditional religious teachings regarding marital practices began to be questioned and reinterpreted.
Acceptance of divorce: One notable change was the growing acceptance of divorce within certain religious communities. Previously, divorce was heavily stigmatized and considered morally wrong. However, changing religious attitudes have led to a greater recognition that some marriages may be irreparable or harmful.
Inclusion of LGBTQ+ relationships: Another significant shift has been the increasing acceptance and inclusion of LGBTQ+ relationships within some religious communities. This has challenged traditional views on marriage as being exclusively between a man and a woman.

Cultural and traditional influences on marriage norms

Religious beliefs: Religion has long played a significant role in shaping marriage norms. Different religious traditions have their own expectations and guidelines for marital roles and responsibilities, which can vary greatly across cultures.
Cultural values: Cultural values and customs also influence marriage norms. In some societies, arranged marriages are still prevalent, where the families of the couple play a major role in selecting a suitable partner. Other cultures prioritize individual choice and romantic love as the foundation of marriage.
Generational influences: The attitudes towards marriage can also differ between generations. Older generations may hold onto more traditional views while younger generations embrace more progressive ideas about gender equality and partnership within marriages.

Changing Demographics and Family Structures

Delayed marriage and cohabitation: In the 21st century, there has been a trend towards delayed marriage and an increase in cohabitation before tying the knot. Couples are choosing to live together and establish their careers and financial stability before getting married.
Blended families: With higher rates of divorce and remarriage, blended families have become more common. These families consist of couples who bring children from previous relationships into their new marriages, leading to changes in family dynamics and responsibilities.
LGBTQ+ inclusion: The recognition of same-sex marriages has significantly impacted the institution of marriage. LGBTQ+ individuals now have equal rights to marry, challenging traditional notions of gender roles within marriages.

Decline in marriage rates and rise of cohabitation

Changing attitudes towards marriage: In recent decades, there has been a decline in the overall marriage rates and an increase in cohabitation. This shift can be attributed to changing societal attitudes towards marriage. Many individuals today prioritize personal fulfillment, independence, and career goals over traditional notions of marriage.
Redefining relationship dynamics: Cohabitation has become more prevalent as couples choose to live together without getting married. This allows for greater flexibility in relationship dynamics, as partners can test compatibility before committing to marriage or choose not to marry at all.
Economic factors: Economic factors also play a role in the decline of marriage rates. Financial instability and high costs associated with weddings and raising children may deter couples from formalizing their relationships through marriage.

Blended families and step-parenting

Rise of blended families: One significant change in marital dynamics in the 19th and 20th centuries is the increase in blended families. Blended families occur when individuals with children from previous relationships marry or enter into new partnerships. This has led to more complex family structures and added challenges for step-parents.
Step-parenting challenges: Step-parenting can be a unique experience, as it involves navigating relationships with both biological parents and stepchildren. Step-parents often face difficulties establishing authority or bonding with their stepchildren, especially if there are lingering loyalty conflicts or unresolved issues from previous marriages.
New role expectations: With the rise of blended families, there have been evolving expectations for step-parents’ roles within marriages. While traditional gender roles may still exist to some extent, step-parents are often expected to contribute equally to parenting responsibilities and provide emotional support to their stepchildren.

Impact of changing demographics on societal perceptions of marriage

Changing cultural and ethnic makeup: The changing demographics of society have had a significant impact on societal perceptions of marriage. As cultures and ethnicities intermingle, there is a greater acceptance and appreciation for diverse marital practices and customs.
Rise in interracial and interfaith marriages: With increasing diversity, there has been a rise in interracial and interfaith marriages. This has challenged traditional notions of homogeneity within marriages and expanded the understanding of what constitutes a successful partnership.
Acceptance of non-traditional family structures: Changing demographics have also led to greater acceptance of non-traditional family structures, such as same-sex marriages or single-parent households. These shifts challenge conventional ideas about gender roles and highlight the importance of love, commitment, and stability within relationships.

The Evolution of Marriage Counseling and Support

Professional guidance: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, marriage counseling or support was virtually non-existent. However, as societal attitudes towards marriage evolved, so did the need for professional guidance to navigate the challenges that couples faced. The emergence of marriage counseling provided couples with a safe space to address conflicts, improve communication, and strengthen their relationships.
Focus on emotional well-being: Marriage counseling has shifted its focus from solely addressing practical concerns such as finances or household management to prioritizing emotional well-being within marriages. Therapists now work with couples to develop healthy communication skills, manage conflict constructively, and foster emotional intimacy.
Expanding options: Alongside traditional face-to-face counseling sessions, technology has expanded the range of options available for couples seeking support. Online marriage counseling platforms and mobile applications provide convenient access to resources and professional help.

Historical approaches to marital conflict resolution

Conflict avoidance: In the past, it was common for couples to avoid discussing or addressing conflicts within their marriages. This approach often resulted in unresolved issues and built-up resentment over time.
Hierarchical decision-making: Traditional approaches to marital conflict resolution often involved one partner, typically the husband, having the final say in decisions. This hierarchical structure could lead to power imbalances and feelings of dissatisfaction for the other partner.
Third-party involvement: In some cases, couples would seek advice or intervention from family members or religious leaders as a way to resolve conflicts. However, this approach may not have always provided unbiased guidance or addressed underlying issues effectively.

Professionalization of marriage counseling

Recognition of marital issues: In the 20th century, there was a growing recognition of the importance of addressing marital issues and conflicts. This led to the professionalization of marriage counseling as a field dedicated to helping couples navigate challenges and improve their relationships.
Development of therapeutic techniques: Marriage counseling evolved with the development of various therapeutic techniques designed to facilitate communication, resolve conflicts, and promote understanding between partners. Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family systems theory, and emotion-focused therapy (EFT) became widely used in couples therapy.
Destigmatization: The professionalization of marriage counseling also helped destigmatize seeking help for relationship problems. In the past, couples may have felt ashamed or embarrassed about seeking outside assistance. Today, it is more accepted and encouraged for couples to seek guidance from trained professionals when facing difficulties in their marriages.

Contemporary trends in relationship therapy and support services

Increased accessibility to therapy: In contemporary times, there is a greater emphasis on seeking professional help for relationship issues. Couples have more access to relationship therapists and support services that can assist them in navigating challenges and improving their marriages.
Focus on communication and conflict resolution: Relationship therapy today often centers around enhancing communication skills and teaching couples effective conflict resolution strategies. Therapists work with couples to develop healthy ways of expressing emotions, resolving conflicts, and fostering understanding between partners.
Diverse support options: Alongside traditional therapy, there are now various types of relationship support available. This includes online counseling platforms, workshops, retreats, and self-help resources that cater to different preferences and needs.

The Future of Marriage: Predictions and Speculations

Gender fluidity: With increased awareness and acceptance of gender diversity, the future of marriage may see a shift away from strictly binary gender roles. Couples may have more flexibility in defining their own roles within the relationship, regardless of societal expectations.
Technology and virtual relationships: As technology continues to advance, it is possible that marriages could be influenced by virtual relationships or long-distance partnerships. Virtual reality and communication tools may allow couples to maintain connections despite physical distance.
Redefining partnership: The future of marriage might involve an even greater emphasis on equality and shared responsibilities. Couples may continue to challenge traditional norms by redefining what it means to be partners in both emotional and practical aspects of life.

Trends in marriage rates and relationship longevity

Decline in marriage rates: One notable trend in the 20th century has been a decline in marriage rates. Factors such as increased focus on education and career, changing social norms, and a rise in cohabitation have contributed to fewer people getting married.
Delaying marriage: Another trend is the age at which individuals are getting married. In the past, it was more common for people to marry in their late teens or early twenties. However, today there is a greater emphasis on personal growth and establishing oneself before entering into marriage, leading to couples marrying later in life.
Increased relationship longevity: While divorce rates have also risen over time, there has been an increase in overall relationship longevity compared to previous centuries. This can be attributed to factors such as improved communication skills, greater gender equality within marriages, access to marital counseling services, and evolving societal attitudes towards divorce.

Impact of technology and societal changes on future marriages

Changing dynamics of work and home life: Technological advancements have significantly impacted the division of labor within marriages. With remote work options and flexible schedules, couples now have more opportunities to balance their professional lives with their personal responsibilities.
Redefining gender roles: As traditional gender norms continue to evolve, technology has played a role in challenging and redefining traditional gender roles. Men are increasingly taking on household chores and child-rearing responsibilities, while women pursue careers outside of the home.
Influence of social media: The rise of social media has also had an impact on marriages by influencing societal expectations and perceptions. Couples may feel pressure to present a perfect image online or compare themselves to others, leading to increased emphasis on appearance or achievements within the relationship.

Shifting paradigms of love, commitment, and partnership

Changing views on love: In the 19th century, marriages were often arranged for practical or financial reasons, and romantic love was not considered a primary factor in choosing a partner. However, in the 20th century, there was a shift towards marrying for love and emotional connection.
Redefining commitment: Traditional marriage focused heavily on lifelong commitment and staying together “till death do us part.” In the 20th century, divorce rates began to rise as societal attitudes towards divorce changed. Marriage became seen as a commitment that could be dissolved if it no longer served both partners’ needs.
New expectations of partnership: The concept of partnership within marriage has evolved over time. Couples today expect to work together as equal partners to navigate challenges and make decisions that benefit both individuals. Mutual respect, support, and shared goals are now valued aspects of modern partnerships.

FAQ on ‘How has marriage changed from the 19th and 20th centuries?’

Did arranged marriages still exist in the 20th century?

Arranged marriages were still prevalent in some cultures during the early 20th century, although their popularity decreased as the century progressed.

What role did love play in marriage during the 19th century?

In the 19th century, love was not considered a primary factor for choosing a spouse. Marriages were often based on economic stability, social status, and family arrangements.

How did divorce rates change between the 19th and 20th centuries?

The divorce rates increased significantly during the 20th century compared to the previous century. Changing social attitudes towards divorce and legal reforms contributed to this rise.

How have gender roles within marriage evolved over time?

Over time, gender roles within marriage have become more flexible. Women’s rights movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries played a pivotal role in challenging traditional gender expectations.